- Outputs: what employees do on a day-to-day basis.
- Outcomes: how the world changes because of the outputs
Outputs
are visible to managers
| are hard for managers to see | |
Outcomes are
easy to measure
|
production organization
(tax system) simple repetitive stable tasks; specialized skills. Easy to stress measurable outputs & outcomes over hard-to-measure (satisfaction)
|
craft organization
(Forest Service, wartime military) application of general sets of skills to unique tasks, but with stable, similar outcomes. Relies heavily on ethos and sense of duty of workers.
|
| are hard to measure |
procedural organizations
(OSHA, peacetime military) specialized skills; stable tasks, but unique outcomes. SOPs are especially important
|
coping organization
(colleges, police departments) application of generic skills to unique tasks, but outcomes cannot be evaluated in absence of alternatives. "
|
Policy Windows
- Predictable (State of the Union, State of the State)
- Unpredictable (Policy Lightning)
- Closing windows: issue-attention cycle and end-dates
Friend and Foe
- Supporters
- Allies: supporters who will recruit more supporters and neutralize opponents
- Opponents
What Can Friend and Foe Do?
Resources Available to Friends and Foes
- In Government
- Votes
- Cosponsorships
- Hearings and reports
- Interest Group Community
- Statements, testimony, amicus briefs
- Reports and op-eds
- Advertising and grassroots mobilization
- Direct lobbying
- Political campaign activity
Resources Available to Friends and Foes
- Debts: The Favor Bank
- Power status: majority/minority
- Expertise and information
- Size and motivation of membership
- Money
- Polls
Identifying Friend and Foe
- Policy History
- Current statements and comments
- Cosponsorships
- Polls
The Eightfold Path
- Define the problem
- Assemble some evidence
- Construct the alternatives
- Select the criteria
- Project the outcomes
- Confront the trade-offs
- Decide!
- Tell your story
No comments:
Post a Comment